Shiva Faghih; Razieh Mohebpour; Leila Eskandari
Abstract
Background: It is suggested that the type and frequency of snacks as well as dairy consumption can influence body weight and composition.
Objectives: This study attempts to assess the correlation of BMI and waist circumference with snacking pattern and dairy consumption among female university students.
Materials ...
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Background: It is suggested that the type and frequency of snacks as well as dairy consumption can influence body weight and composition.
Objectives: This study attempts to assess the correlation of BMI and waist circumference with snacking pattern and dairy consumption among female university students.
Materials and Methods: We randomly selected 112 female students who were residents of Shiraz University dormitories as participants in this cross-sectional study. Weight, height and waist circumference of the participants were measured. Demographic and food frequency questionnaires were completed in face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Results: The results showed that 17% of participants were underweight, 74.1% were normal weight and 8.9% were overweight. Among participants, 95.5% had a normal waist circumference whereas the waist circumference in 4.5% was above normal. There were 63.3% of female students who consumed just one snack per day. Confectionaries (84.1%) were the most popular snacks. Mean ± SD dairy consumption was 1.78 ± 1.20 servings per day. There were no correlations between body mass index and waist circumference with snacking pattern or dairy intake.
Conclusions: The majority of our subjects had normal weight and waist circumference, thus we did not find any correlation between body mass index and waist circumference to snacking pattern or dairy intake. Similar studies should be conducted that enroll both overweight and normal weight subjects.
Zamzam Paknahad; Azam Ahmadi Vasmehjani; Mohammad Reza Maracy
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies showed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with components of metabolic syndrome.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration and components of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adult women.
Patients ...
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Background: Epidemiological studies showed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with components of metabolic syndrome.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration and components of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adult women.
Patients and Methods: This study was comprised of 156 women aged ≥ 30 years with at least three of the five criteria of metabolic syndromes. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) levels and components of the metabolic syndrome were determined. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP/ATP III criteria. The subjects were classified into three groups according to their serum concentration of 25 (OH)D.
Results: Mean of serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 20.5 ± 10.8 ng/mL with %54.5, 23.1% and 22.4% of subjects were deficient, insufficient and sufficient in vitamin D, respectively. After adjustment for age, BMI, physical activity, and ANCOVA, fasting blood sugar concentration was shown to be inversely associated with serum 25 (OH)D (P = 0.004). On the other hand HDL-C showed significant correlation across different groups of vitamin D status (P = 0.014). Waist Circumference had favorable changes, without any statistically significant correlation. Also no significant association was observed between other components of metabolic syndrome and 25 (OH)D in different groups.
Conclusions: The components of metabolic syndrome are influenced by serum 25 (OH)D concentrations. The finding of this investigation revealed that FBS and HDL-C concentrations related to serum 25 (OH)D. Therefore, further longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials are necessary to determine the possible role of vitamin D in prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Masoomeh Tabari; Hossein Shabahang; Alireza Tavasoli; Hassan Abbaspour; Mohammad Alipour
Abstract
Background: Despite progress in surgical and anesthetic techniques, postoperative nausea and vomiting are among the most common surgical complications. Prevention and suitable treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting can decrease the length of hospital stay, hospitalization cost and increase patient ...
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Background: Despite progress in surgical and anesthetic techniques, postoperative nausea and vomiting are among the most common surgical complications. Prevention and suitable treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting can decrease the length of hospital stay, hospitalization cost and increase patient satisfaction.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of three antiemetic drugs in postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention on female patients who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomies.
Patients and Methods: This prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial enrolled 126 women, aged 20 to 65 years, who had American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II classifications and were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All patients received the same induction and care with propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia. After general anesthesia, patients were randomly divided into four groups: dexamethasone (5 mg; n = 31), ondansetron (4 mg; n = 32), metoclopramide (10 mg; n = 31), and normal saline (n = 32). The patients were assessed for incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting at intervals of 0-1, 1-6, and 6-24 hours after extubation.
Results: The incidence of nausea was as follows among patients: 72 (20.8%) in the ondansetron group, 23.6% in the dexamethasone group, 25.0% in the metoclopramide group, and 30.5% in the control group. Vomiting was found in 49 patients with an incidence rate of 8.1%, 16.3%, 36.7% and 38.7%, in ondansetron, dexamethasone and metoclopramid groups, respectively. The highest incidence of the initial nausea symptom occurred at the 1-6 hour interval in all groups (P = 0.034). Only ondansetron (P = 0.005) and dexamethasone (P = 0.019) were effective in preventing nausea at the 0-1 hour interval. The severity of nausea in patients who received dexamethasone was less.
Conclusions: Ondansetron was more effective than dexamethasone and metoclopramide in preventing vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy at intervals of 0-1 and 1-6 hours. Ondansetron delayed the interval of the first onset of nausea and vomiting.
Khatereh Anbari; Seyed Mohammad Mostafavi; Kourosh Ghanadi
Abstract
Background: Health promotion is a process, which enables people to control and improve their health.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate health promoting behaviors in women of Khorramabad City.
Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 500 women aged between 15 to 49, referring ...
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Background: Health promotion is a process, which enables people to control and improve their health.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate health promoting behaviors in women of Khorramabad City.
Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 500 women aged between 15 to 49, referring to Khorramabad health centers were studied by consecutive sampling method, using the standardized HPLPII questionnaire. t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multi-variable analysis (linear regression) were used for data analysis.
Results: Regarding health promoting behavior, 77.8% of women were in average condition, 14.4 % considered desirable, while 7.8 % found to have undesirable status. The mean score was 129.2 ± 20.9. Therefore, the physical activity and health care responsible were of lowest quality, where associability and spiritual growth proved to be in best condition. In linear regression test, the most important factors predictive of health promoting behaviors included the level of education (β = 0.15, P = 0.004), the number of children (β = 0.13, P = 0.002), and the marital status of the participants (β = 0.1, P = 0.021).
Conclusions: The health system of any society should pave the way for providing facilities, offering proper trainings, according with intersectoral coordination and following the principle of social justice, encouraging women to perform health-promoting behaviors.
Masoumeh Delaram; Narges Khatoon Dadkhah
Abstract
Background: A large number of women were affected from the Post episiotomy pain and the common method for pain relief is use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Objectives: With considering the adverse effects of these drugs, the aim of present study was to compare the effects of lidocaine ...
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Background: A large number of women were affected from the Post episiotomy pain and the common method for pain relief is use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Objectives: With considering the adverse effects of these drugs, the aim of present study was to compare the effects of lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule on post episiotomy pain.
Patients and Methods: In a clinical trial study, sixty of women with singleton pregnancy and 38-42 weeks of gestation who had episiotomy, were randomized by consecutively numbered sealed envelopes to one of the two study arms that is 2% lidocaine cream (n = 30) or 250 mg mefenamic acid (n = 30). Data collection was performed by questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS). The intensity of pain was compared with the first compliant of mother and 6, 12, and 24 hours after the delivery. For data analysis, we used SPSS package, t test and paired t test and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: With the first compliant of women, the mean intensity of pain was 4.92 ± 1.9 in lidocaine group and 4.90 ± 1.5 in mefenamic acid group and the difference was not significant (P = 0.20). Also there was not a significant difference in mean intensity of post episiotomy pain in the two groups in 6 (P = 0.05), 12 (P = 0.36) and 24 (P = 0.98) after childbirth.
Conclusions: The effect of lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule was similar in the relief of post episiotomy pain and the Lidocaine cream is a good alternative for mefenamic acid that is commonly used to reduce of pain after episiotomy especially in women who are breast feeding and oral analgesic drugs are secreted in their milk.
Shayesteh Shirzadi; Parinaz Doshmangir; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Abstract
Background: The puberty as a stage of life is an important developmental process. Teen girls have numerous health care needs and their specific aspects should be considered.
Objectives: In this study we applied explanatory model to determine the role of health belief model constructs on physical puberty ...
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Background: The puberty as a stage of life is an important developmental process. Teen girls have numerous health care needs and their specific aspects should be considered.
Objectives: In this study we applied explanatory model to determine the role of health belief model constructs on physical puberty health among teen girls.
Materials and Methods: This correlational cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011, and attempted to determine the total, indirect and direct effects of health belief model construct on physical puberty health behaviors. The population studied included 61 girls aged from 12 to 19 years from welfare boarding centers in Iran (Tehran), and selected by convenience sampling method. Data on demographic characteristics, health belief model constructs and physical puberty health behaviors were collected using an interview-based questionnaire, and analyzed by structural equation modeling.
Results: The perceived variables such as susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers and cues to action showed their direct effects on physical puberty health behaviors. Also perceived benefits affected physical puberty health behaviors indirectly through perceived susceptibility. The total effect of perceived benefits on physical puberty health behaviors was 0.292. There are positive significant relationships between perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and physical puberty health behaviors as well as path coefficient. SE for each of them were, (0.27 (0.11)), (0.32 (0.09)) and (0.2 (0.06)), respectively.
Conclusions: Since benefits of physical puberty health behavior were the most important predictor of this puberty health behavior, it is concluded that increasing the benefits along with improving each of the perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and cues to action can lead to increasing physical puberty health behavior and health promotion.
Ali Khani Jeihooni; Seyyd Mansour Kashfi; Mina Bahmandost; Seyyd Hannan Kashfi
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world and the most frequent in developing countries. Secondary prevention, achieved through Pap smear testing, is the single most effective tool in reducing deaths due to cervical cancer.
Objectives: The aim of this study ...
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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world and the most frequent in developing countries. Secondary prevention, achieved through Pap smear testing, is the single most effective tool in reducing deaths due to cervical cancer.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess factors affecting Pap smears in women based on the Health Belief Model in health centers of Fasa, Iran.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised a total of 200 randomly selected married women who referred to health centers in Fasa, Iran. The participants responded to the standard questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 18.
Results: In this study, approximately 25% of the subjects had a history of the test. The mean score of all health belief model-related perceived variables including susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers in patients with a history of the test was higher than those without a history. Analyzing the data using independent t-test showed a significant difference between the mean scores of all HBM structures with performing Pap test in patients with a history of the test. The most important reason for performing the Pap test by subjects was the health professionals’ advice (84%), and the main reason for not performing the test by subjects was their belief that they are not susceptible to cancer.
Conclusions: Women’s health care professionals play effective roles in informing women about factors related to cervical cancer screening. According to the results, it would be beneficial to design strategies for reducing barriers to Pap smear test among women.
Mohsen Taghizadeh; Sabihe-Alsadat Alizadeh; Zatollah Asemi
Abstract
Background: To our knowledge, no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotics on pregnancy outcomes and maternal biochemical indices in pregnant women.
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of a synbiotic food on pregnancy outcomes and maternal ...
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Background: To our knowledge, no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotics on pregnancy outcomes and maternal biochemical indices in pregnant women.
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of a synbiotic food on pregnancy outcomes and maternal biochemical indices among Iranian pregnant women.
Patients and Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among 52 pregnant women, primigravida, aged from 18 to 35 years with singleton pregnancy at their third trimester. After a 2-week run-in period, pregnant women were divided into two groups to receive either a synbiotic (n = 26) or control food (n = 26) for 9 weeks randomly. The synbiotic food contained a probiotic viable and heat-resistant Lactobacillus sporogenes(1 × 10 7CFU) and 0.04 g inulin (HPX)/g as the prebiotic. Subjects were requested to consume the synbiotic food two times a day in 9 g portions, followed by checking for newborn’s weight, height, head circumference, Apgar score, and hyperbilirubinemia. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study and 9 weeks after the intervention to measure serum calcium, iron, and magnesium and liver enzymes.
Results: Supplementation with synbiotic food for 9 weeks among pregnant women did not affect any significant differences in the cesarean section rate, gestational age, newborn birth size and Apgar score. Synbiotic-supplemented women had a significant rise in serum calcium levels (+0.2 ± 1.0 vs. -0.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL, P = 0.005) compared to women in the control group, while no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of their effects on serum iron, magnesium and liver enzymes levels.
Conclusions: Taken together, consumption of synbiotic food among pregnant women for 9 weeks has resulted in increased levels of serum calcium compared to the control food, but did not affect pregnancy outcomes, serum iron, magnesium and liver enzymes.
Negin Hadi; Esmaeel Shabaninezhad; Zahra Shabgard Shahraki; Ali Montazeri; Sedigheh Tahmasebi; Zinab Zakeri; Abdolrasoul Talei
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies all over the world. The rate of survival of the patients with cancer has increased due to developing diverse treatment methods, as a result of which the treatment-related side effects have become the focus of attention more than before. ...
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Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies all over the world. The rate of survival of the patients with cancer has increased due to developing diverse treatment methods, as a result of which the treatment-related side effects have become the focus of attention more than before. Lymphedema related to breast cancer is one of the frequent side effects which has significantly affected the patient’s quality of life.
Objectives: The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of complete or complex decongestive therapy on breast cancer-related lymphedema and the patients’ quality of life.
Patients and Methods: The present study was conducted from January 2013 to January 2014 and comprised 119 patients with breast cancer, related lymphedema, who had undergone complete or complex decongestive therapy (CDT). The patients’ volume and grade of lymphedema were measured and determined before and after treatment, using the direct volumeter device to measure the lymphedema volume. To determine the quality of life, the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire (EQRTC BR-23) was completed before and after the treatment.
Result: The volume of lymphedema was significantly reduced after CDT (P < 0.001). The scores of quality of life were significantly increased regarding body image (BI) (P < 0.001), future prospective (FP) (P = 0.008), sexual functioning (SF) (P = 0.006), systemic therapy side effect (STSE) (P = 0.008) and arm symptoms (AS) (P < 0.001) which was clear indication of improved quality of life.
Conclusions: It is concluded that not only CDT causes reduction in lymph edema volume but also it improves the life quality of patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema
Ahmad Kalateh Sadati; Farnaz Rahnavard; Najmeh Ebrahimzadeh; Azam Rezaei
Abstract
Background: Obesity is an identity that is the result of the overweight person’s experience and perception of this problem.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate various aspects of the lived experience and changes in the self for 29 sleeve surgery patients from two hospitals in ...
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Background: Obesity is an identity that is the result of the overweight person’s experience and perception of this problem.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate various aspects of the lived experience and changes in the self for 29 sleeve surgery patients from two hospitals in southern Iran.
Patients and Methods: After in-depth, open-ended interviews with 29 sleeve candidate patients (24 females and 5 males), their statements were analyzed through a thematic method.
Results: Findings revealed that obesity is a continually negative experience with four characteristics for participants: losses, limitations, psychological pressures, and social pressures. These experiences can lead to profound changes in the self and cause the patient to develop self-hatred, submissiveness, and passivity.
Conclusions: Obesity involves a diversity of negative experiences; more consideration should be given to overweight people, especially overweight women. Accordingly, social policymakers should help by desensitizing this problem in society through media, universities, and schools. Also, fostering a positive attitude in these individuals is important and would require paying attention to their individual, psychological, and social needs through teamwork.
Seyedeh Houra Vahedolain; Seyedeh Azam Pourhosaini; Nayere Khadem; Seyed Mostafa Pashang; Ali Akbary; Seyed Taghi Heydari
Abstract
Background: Infertility is becoming a world-wide concern in developed and developing countries. Multiple causes are responsible for the situations and various therapies have been developed to overcome this problem in infertile couples, as in the case of intrauterine insemination (IUI), with considerable ...
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Background: Infertility is becoming a world-wide concern in developed and developing countries. Multiple causes are responsible for the situations and various therapies have been developed to overcome this problem in infertile couples, as in the case of intrauterine insemination (IUI), with considerable variations between pregnancy rates in relation to the method employed.
Objectives: To compare pregnancy rate, by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration and urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge method, for insemination in patients undergoing IUI.
Patients and Methods: The present study included 309 infertile women, candidate for IUI, randomly divided into LH surge and HCG groups (each participant was assigned a number from 1 to 309, of which odd numbers were for LH and even numbers for HCG groups, respectively). All patients were subjected to baseline ultrasound and received clomiphene citrate before undergoing serial transvaginal sonography. The LH was measured using LH kit, when 2 - 5 follicles (18 - 20 mm) appeared in LH surge group, and, if positive, IUI was performed after 24 hours. In HCG group, the patients received HCG 1000 units and underwent IUI after 36 hours. The pregnancy rate was then compared in LH and HCG groups.
Results: We found no significant differences in pregnancy rates between the two groups. Also, we compared pregnancy rates between the two groups based on age, infertility cause, number of follicles, number of previous IUI and previous abortions. We found no significant differences between the subgroups, in terms of pregnancy rate.
Conclusions: The urinary LH surge and HCG administration methods for IUI timing are similar and none had any considerable advantages over the other. However, the use of the urinary LH surge has no side effects or injection pain, in relation to HCG administration methods
Nahid Khalilnejad; Mohammad Hossein Sorbi
Abstract
Background: The identification of maternal health status is a fundamental principle for any society, because mothers play an important role in the education of healthy children for the future of a country.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the general health ...
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Background: The identification of maternal health status is a fundamental principle for any society, because mothers play an important role in the education of healthy children for the future of a country.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the general health and resiliency of mothers of school-age children in the city of Yazd, Iran.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 122 mothers with school-age children who referred to Parnian Counseling and Psychological Center in Yazd during 2014. Of these numbers, 59 women had children with learning difficulties who were being treated by a psychologist. Convenient sampling method was used in this study. Data were collected from a demographic information form, general health questionnaire (GHQ), and a resiliency assessment (CD-IRSC). Data were analyzed using SPSS-18 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, T-test, and stepwise regression).
Results: The results showed a significant relationship between general health and components of somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and social dysfunction with resiliency in mothers of school age children. There was no significant difference between the general health and resiliency among mothers of children with learning difficulties and those without such difficulties (P > 0.05). It also became clear that social dysfunction, anxiety, and sleep disorder have the highest ability to predict resiliency among mothers (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Based on our results, we can infer that the greater the mental health of mothers, the greater their ability to cope with life events. So, faced with unpleasant events such as fear and disease, they can show a better response.
Maryam Hasanshahi; Abdolvahhab Baghbanian; Nasrin Motazedian
Abstract
Background: Nurses are one of the most significant group exposed to the risk of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therefore, to determine the disease level in patients and train them in the field are among the most essential subjects of nursing education. The study investigated the nursing ...
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Background: Nurses are one of the most significant group exposed to the risk of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therefore, to determine the disease level in patients and train them in the field are among the most essential subjects of nursing education. The study investigated the nursing students’ awareness, attitudes and tendency toward providing services to patients with HIV/AIDS.
Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2014, covered 110 second- and third-year nursing students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. The research tools were demographics and AIDS knowledge questionnaires, an attitude towards AIDS scale and a discrimination against patients questionnaire. The information was analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics, t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results: Males comprised 38.2% of the subjects, and females 61.8%. About 80% of the participants were single and 20% married. Almost two-thirds (60.9%) had a professional background. Regarding the awareness of AIDS and its transmission methods, 52.7% of the students were “a little” aware. Furthermore, 84.5% of students were at the moderate level of discrimination on giving services and taking care of patients with HIV; 52.2% of the subjects were also at a moderate level. A significant direct relationship was observed between the discrimination and attitude scores, P = 0.04 and r = 0.19.
Conclusions: The students’ levels of awareness of HIV and its transition methods were low, and this should be promoted thorough training. Discriminatory actions do occur, and it is necessary and possible to decrease their incidence by promoting students’ awareness of patients’ rights and ethical principles.
Peter Maina Chege; Elizabeth Nafula Kuria
Abstract
Background: Poor nutrition status has been reported among children from pastoralist communities with dietary practices being a key determinant. One of the major determinants of dietary practices adopted among the children is the nutritional knowledge of the caregivers. There is minimal information on ...
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Background: Poor nutrition status has been reported among children from pastoralist communities with dietary practices being a key determinant. One of the major determinants of dietary practices adopted among the children is the nutritional knowledge of the caregivers. There is minimal information on how nutritional knowledge level among caregivers is associated with dietary practices of children.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted on a randomly selected sample of 138 caregivers from 2 randomly selected sub-locations in Kajiado County, Kenya. An open-ended questionnaire was used to collect information on the caregiver’s nutritional knowledge and the dietary practices of children. The caregivers’ responses on knowledge were scored and analyzed using a likert scale. Data on dietary practices collected using a 24-hour recall was analyzed using the Nutiri-survey computer software.
Results: The nutritional knowledge level for the majority (92.7%) of the caregivers was low (< 40% score). In addition, the dietary practices among the children were poor as depicted by < 3 meals per day taken by 76.1%, low dietary diversity of < 6 food groups per day by 95.7%. This translated to 15.2% not taking adequate energy and over 70% of the children consuming less than the recommended dietary allowances for vitamin A, iron, and zinc. The nutritional knowledge level among caregivers was significantly associated with the dietary practices (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The dietary practices adopted by the caregivers are poor and are as a result of their low nutritional knowledge on child feeding. This study recommends initiation of programs to educate the caregivers on good nutritional practices.
Alireza Ghaffari-Nejad; Fateme Sheibani; Farzaneh Raaii; Fateme Pouya
Abstract
Background: Addiction leads to numerous physical and mental problems for the addicted person and consequently major problems for the relatives.
Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the psychodynamic characteristics of females with addicted husbands in Kerman, Iran.
Methods: In the ...
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Background: Addiction leads to numerous physical and mental problems for the addicted person and consequently major problems for the relatives.
Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the psychodynamic characteristics of females with addicted husbands in Kerman, Iran.
Methods: In the current cross sectional study, 60 volunteer females with addicted husbands were compared with 60 wives of non-addict males. The thematic apperception (TAT) projective test along with the Ruben scoring system was used to evaluate the sample units. Data were collected from September 2015 to February 2016 and analyzed using t test and the Pearson chi-square test with SPSS software version 20.
Results: The mean age of the case group was 32.6 ± 2.4 years with more children, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The current study results showed a significant relationship between the groups regarding main conflict (P < 0.001), defence mechanism (immature defence P < 0.003 and neurotic defence P < 0.001), adequacy of superego (P < 0.001), feelings such as anger (P < 0.001) and guilt-frustration (P < 0.048), and unfavorable outcomes (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Understanding and perception of the nature of addiction, how to deal with it, and cope with the addict bring a deep challenge to the personality characteristics of the addict’s spouse. In consequence, such scenarios lead to conflicting communications among them and they turn to the frequent use of immature and neurotic defence mechanisms such as identification and cope with the problem in the interpersonal relationships. Identification of the characteristics of such females helps to employ better strategies to improve their quality of life.
Shirin Shahbazi; Lida Moghaddam-Banaem
Abstract
Background: Postpartum pyrexia results from various causes with bacterial infection heading the list. However, there are many other possible causes such as bleeding. Congenital deficiency of the coagulation factors causes inherited coagulopathies most of which are rare. Following delivery, the reduction ...
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Background: Postpartum pyrexia results from various causes with bacterial infection heading the list. However, there are many other possible causes such as bleeding. Congenital deficiency of the coagulation factors causes inherited coagulopathies most of which are rare. Following delivery, the reduction in coagulation factors puts these mothers at greater risk of postpartum excessive bleeding.
Objectives: We aimed to assess postpartum pyrexia in bleeding disorder mothers.
Methods: This study was conducted on 98 bleeding disorder patients and 199 controls. Using a standardized questionnaire, the data were collected by consulting a specialist. The subject`s medical records during pregnancy and labor were also reviewed. Postpartum fever was defined as temperature > 38°C in the first 10 days after delivery excluding the first day. The data were analyzed using Chi-square statistical analysis and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Postpartum pyrexia was detected in 11.2% of the patients compared to 4% of the controls. The statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher incidence of postpartum fever among the coagulation disorder patients (P = 0.019). Considering the infection, our data showed that in the patient group, fever was mostly due to (unknown) reasons other than infection.
Conclusions: Our results revealed that besides hemorrhagic complications in inherited bleeding disorders, postpartum fever could also be a sign of threat. Early identification and diagnosis of these threats greatly improve the childbirth outcomes in high-risk mothers.
Zahra Molazem; Fatemeh Mohseni; Mahnaz Rakhshan; Sareh Keshavarzi; Masoumeh Younesi
Abstract
Background: Along with an increase in the rate of cesarean sections, the complications and problems associated with this procedure have also increased in Iran. Factors such as complications associated with caesarean scars, the high cost of chemical treatments, and failure of medications in treatments ...
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Background: Along with an increase in the rate of cesarean sections, the complications and problems associated with this procedure have also increased in Iran. Factors such as complications associated with caesarean scars, the high cost of chemical treatments, and failure of medications in treatments have led to an increased use of traditional and biological therapies in the healing and preventing of cesarean wound infections.
Objective: To determine the effect of an amniotic membrane dressing on cesarean wound healing.
Methods: This study is a prospective, randomized double-blind clinical trial. Patients participating in the study were women who underwent cesarean sections at Amir-al-Momenin Hospital in Gerash, Iran. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (N = 45 for each group). In one group, the cesarean wound was dressed using an amniotic membrane; in the control group, the dressing was performed using a simple dressing. The wound healing was assessed by the Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation (REEDA) scale 24 hours and 8 days after the cesarean procedure.
Results: The average REEDA score, reflecting wound healing was significantly different between the groups 24 hours after the cesarean section, which proved to be less in the amniotic membrane group (.00 ± .00 vs. 0.60 ± 1.30; P = .003). However, on the 8th day after the cesarean section, there was no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.078).
Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the application of an amniotic membrane dressing can be helpful in early stage wound healing of cesarean.
Lindsay E. Cline; K. Alysse Bailey; Kimberley L. Gammage
Abstract
Background: To date, most research surrounding body image coping has focused on adolescent and young adult women. However, with age-related changes to body appearance and function, it is important to understand how women aged 55+ cope in uncomfortable body image contexts.
Objectives: The present study ...
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Background: To date, most research surrounding body image coping has focused on adolescent and young adult women. However, with age-related changes to body appearance and function, it is important to understand how women aged 55+ cope in uncomfortable body image contexts.
Objectives: The present study explored how women aged 55+ coped with body-related situations that elicited body image discomfort.
Methods: Ten women from a seniors’ exercise program were interviewed about uncomfortable body image situations to explore their coping strategies. Thematic analysis was used to find themes amongst the data and interpret women’s experiences with regards to body-related distress and coping.
Results: Women discussed coping strategies that included: enhancing or hiding physical appearance; reassuring self-talk; social comparisons to others; and a desire to change their mindset to relieve body-related distress.
Conclusions: Although women aged 55+ discussed some unique strategies, there were several similarities with adolescent and young adult women. Thus, body image coping strategies appear to transcend the lifespan.
Chidozie Emmanuel Mbada; Okechukwu Ernest Orji; Ademola Matthew Iyiola; Adebanjo Babalola Adeyemi; Esther Kikelomo Afolabi; Ojukwu Chidiebele Petronilla; Abolaji Blessed Adeyemi; Olabisi Aderonke Akinwande; Moses Oluwatosin Makinde
Abstract
Background: Physical inactivity and fatigue are two common phenomena in pregnancy with attendant negative consequences. However, reports on the nexus between physical activity (PA) and fatigue seems to be sparse in literature.
Objectives: This study evaluated levels and correlation between PA and pregnancy-related ...
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Background: Physical inactivity and fatigue are two common phenomena in pregnancy with attendant negative consequences. However, reports on the nexus between physical activity (PA) and fatigue seems to be sparse in literature.
Objectives: This study evaluated levels and correlation between PA and pregnancy-related fatigue among Nigerian pregnant women.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 189 consenting pregnant women from five selected health facilities in Osun State, south west, Nigeria, yielding a response rate of 94.5%. PA and fatigue were assessed using the pregnancy physical activity questionnaire and fatigue symptoms checklist over a three-month period (July to September, 2016). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Significant level was set at P < 0.05.
Results: The mean age of respondents in this study was 29.8 ± 5.11 years. The highest and least form of PA was household (1263 ± 633.4) and vigorous intensity (6.4 ± 6.8) PA. Fatigue was most severe in the third trimester of the pregnancy (48.7 ± 11.7) and least in the second trimester (43.7 ± 8.1). There was a significant difference in the fatigue scores across trimesters of pregnancy (P = 0.042), while there was no significant difference in the PA scores across trimesters of pregnancy (P > 0.05). There was a significant relationship between total PA and fatigue (r = 0.195; P = 0.009).
Conclusions: Nigerian pregnant women seem averred to vigorous intensity, occupational, and sports related PA; however, they are mostly involved in light intensity and household physical activity. Pregnancy-related fatigue is dominant in the third trimester and least severe in the second trimester. There is significant relationship between pregnancy-related fatigue and physical activity except sedentary, moderate intensity, and occupational physical activity.
Khadijeh Irandoust; Morteza Taheri
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripheral heart action (PHA) and yoga exercises on respiratory functions and CRP of obese postmenopausal women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 elderly women (age: 65.3 ± 2.6 years) referring voluntarily to the Sport ...
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripheral heart action (PHA) and yoga exercises on respiratory functions and CRP of obese postmenopausal women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 elderly women (age: 65.3 ± 2.6 years) referring voluntarily to the Sport Counseling Center of Sports and Youth Administration of Qazvin province in 2018 were randomly assigned to three groups: yoga exercise group (n = 14), strength training group (n = 13), and control group (n = 13). The experimental groups performed the exercise protocols (yoga and PHA training) three sessions a week each lasting 40 minutes for two months. Tests were performed to evaluate the subjects’ ventilatory capacity including FVC and FEV1 using spirometry and CRP. The tests were done in pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test. Results: FEV1 was better in the yoga and PHA exercise groups than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). Furthermore, CRP was better in the yoga and PHA training groups than in the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference in the study variables between the two training groups (P = 0.97). Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, due to the vulnerability of the elderly to cardiorespiratory and inflammatory problems, it is highly proposed to apply such exercises to improve the physiological functions.
Fatemeh Ghodrati; Farideh Vaziri; Narjes Saadatmand; Mohammad Zarenezhad; Marzieh Akbarzadeh
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of trauma in sexual assault victims aged 15 years and less referred to legal medicine centers of Fars Province, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional was carried out on all female victims of sexual assault aged ...
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Background: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of trauma in sexual assault victims aged 15 years and less referred to legal medicine centers of Fars Province, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional was carried out on all female victims of sexual assault aged 15 years old and less referred to legal medicine centers of Fars, Iran, during 2006 - 2012. The study population consisted of 3140 victims that was reduced to 2113 due to incomplete records of some cases. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used in SPSS, version 16.
Results: The prevalence of teenage victims was 32.01%. The highest frequency was reported in 2006 and the next highest rate was reported in 2011. The ordinal place of the victims in family was between 4 and 6 in 79% of the cases. All the crimes happened in cities. In 6.4% of the cases, victims had experienced sexual assault. In 90.1% of the cases, criminals were aged 16 - 25 years old, and in 40.3% of the cases, they were familiar and had familial relationship with the victim. Sexual traumas in 57.1% of the cases were hymen tear and in 11.8% cases anal tear.
Conclusions: Most adolescent sexual assaults remain hidden from the law because of fear of exclusion from the family and society. Therefore, community awareness regarding the prevalence of rape should be raised, and the necessary steps should be taken by the authorities and families to control this crime. Enforcing severe punishments for offenders can be considered as a preventive measure.
Elham Hojaji; Rosa Zavoshy; Mostafa Noroozi; Neda Ezzeddin
Abstract
Background: In developing countries, food insecurity is a serious problem associated with unplanned pregnancy. Very few studies have assessed the relationship between unplanned pregnancy and food insecurity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine this relationship in order to specify food ...
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Background: In developing countries, food insecurity is a serious problem associated with unplanned pregnancy. Very few studies have assessed the relationship between unplanned pregnancy and food insecurity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine this relationship in order to specify food insecurity determinants among Iranian women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 postpartum women in Tehran city, Iran. The samples were selected from ten community health centers. Demographic, socio-economic, and food security status data were collected by questionnaire (including 18-item USDA questionnaire), and analyzed in SPSS software version 22 via Chi-square test, independent sample T-test, and Logistic regression. Results: A significant positive association existed between food security and family income (p <0.001, OR=0.994), education level of women (P=0.005, OR=0.211), home ownership (p <0.001, OR=3.099), ethnicity of Fars (P=0.009, OR=1.756), and planned pregnancy (P=0.035, OR=1.694). The association between food security and other variables (employment status of women and their husbands, family size, and age) was not significant. Conclusions: Unplanned pregnancy among food insecure women was significantly higher than food secure ones. This indicates that women from food insecure household may need more family planning education and that families with unplanned pregnancy might require more support from the society or government in order to prevent food insecurity.
Parichehr Sadr Nafisi; zahra Eftekhar Saadi; Fariba Hafezi; Alireza Heidari
Abstract
Background: Anxiety disorders are psychiatric illnesses that are most common in developing countries. Obesity is thought to be a risk factor for anxiety and intimate relationship disorders. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the effect of compassion-focused therapy on social anxiety and ...
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Background: Anxiety disorders are psychiatric illnesses that are most common in developing countries. Obesity is thought to be a risk factor for anxiety and intimate relationship disorders. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the effect of compassion-focused therapy on social anxiety and interpersonal relationships among women on an overweight diet 2019-2020.Methods: The study research design was quasi-experimental with a control group, pre-test, and post-test. We narrowed down 100 women according to the inclusion criteria; among them, we randomly selected 30 women on an overweight diet referring to the diet therapy clinics in Tehran province from December 2019 to April 2020. Afterwards, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=15) was treated with compassion-focused therapy for ten weekly 90-minute sessions while the control group (n=15) did not receive any treatment. At the start of the study, after 10 weeks, all participants were tested using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and the Revised Communication Skills Questionnaire (RCSQ) methods. In addition to descriptive statistics, we used Chi-squared, independent, and dependent t tests to interpret the results; we employed the SPSS-25 program for all the analyses.Results: According to Mean±SD, there was a significant difference between the experimental (1.41±0.03) and control (2.01±0.43) groups regarding social anxiety and regarding interpersonal relationships there was a significant difference between the experimental (2.50±0.21) and control (1.83±0.21) groups, respectively. The experimental group had significantly lower post-test scores in terms of social anxiety (P=0.04) and interpersonal relationships (P=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant change in the experimental group from the pre-test to the post-test concerning all components of social anxiety (P=0.001) and interpersonal relationships (P=0.001).Conclusion: The findings showed that compassion-focused therapy could help with overweightness. Therefore, this intervention program is recommended for preventing social anxiety and interpersonal relationships among women on an overweight diet.
Mohammadreza Rezaeipour; Gennady Leonidovich Apanasenko
Abstract
Background: Waterobics is a physical exercise with very few effects on the joints, hence its attractiveness for weight loss in obese middle-aged people.Objectives: This study was intended to evaluate the body mass, body composition, and coronary risk profile in sedentary obese middle-aged women in response ...
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Background: Waterobics is a physical exercise with very few effects on the joints, hence its attractiveness for weight loss in obese middle-aged people.Objectives: This study was intended to evaluate the body mass, body composition, and coronary risk profile in sedentary obese middle-aged women in response to exercise-related time (continuous and at intervals) in waterobics programs.Methods: This prospective experimental research was conducted in 2018. Forty women with sedentary lifestyles (mean age 50.7±4.7 years) were selected and distributed randomly into two groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderateintensitycontinuous training (MICT). Both programs consisted of waterobics exercises with similar energy expenditures (1500 kcal per week), implemented over three 60-minute sessions per week for three months. Before and after the study, anthropometry,body composition, and coronary risk profile were assessed. Non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used for group comparison(before and after).Results: Before-after comparison of the parameters showed a significant decrease in body mass (-0.8 kg, P=0.04), BMI (-0.4 kg/m2, P=0.02), fatty mass (-0.6 kg, P=0.03), and hip circumference (-4.2 cm, P=0.04) of the MICT, and a significant reduction in fatmass (-0.7 kg, P=0.03) in the HIIT. No significant differences were observed concerning the T-C, LDL-C, and HDL-C between the MICT (respectively, P=0.23; P=0.1; P=0.08) and HIIT (respectively, P=0.1; P= 0.06; P=0.14) groups.Conclusion: Waterobics programs without nutritional monitoring showed moderate effects on the body mass and body composition of sedentary obese middle-aged women. The HIIT group exhibited better, yet insignificant, results with regards to the coronary risk profile.
Reyhaneh Farhad pour; Masoumeh Azmodeh; Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei; Seyed Davood Hosseini Nasab
Abstract
Background: The presence of specific learning disability (LD) in any family overshadows the structure and mental health of family members, especially mothers. The purpose of this study was the modeling of loneliness in mothers with children having LD based on coping strategies with the mediating role ...
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Background: The presence of specific learning disability (LD) in any family overshadows the structure and mental health of family members, especially mothers. The purpose of this study was the modeling of loneliness in mothers with children having LD based on coping strategies with the mediating role of self-efficacy. Methods: The method of the current study was structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the mothers with children having LD referred to medical centers in Tabriz, Iran in 2021, 300 of which were selected as the sample via purposive sampling and the questionnaires of loneliness (Russell and Pilva, 1980), coping techniques (Billing and Moss, 1981), and self-efficacy (Asghari and Nicholas, 1989) were completed. The obtained data were statistically analyzed through correlation coefficient and path analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The findings showed that the direct path from problem-oriented strategy to feeling lonely (P=0.009), from emotionoriented strategy to self-efficacy (P=0.0001), from emotion-oriented strategy to feeling lonely(P=0.032), and self-efficacy to feeling lonely (P=0.008) were statistically significant, but problem-oriented strategy to self-efficacy was not of significance(P=0.413). Additionally, the indirect pathway from problem-oriented to feeling lonely via self-efficacy was not significant (P=0.395), but emotion oriented to feeling lonely via self-efficacy was significant (P=0.005). Conclusion: Based on the results of this work, it could be acknowledged that researchers and consultants in educational and medical centers can benefit by holding training workshops on coping strategies and skills training to strengthen self-efficacy and reduce the feeling of loneliness of mothers with LD children.
