Seroprevalence of Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus in Women with Miscarriage and Stillbirth in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Cross- Sectional Study

A. Naqid, Ibrahim; H. Yousif, Shivan; R. Hussein, Nawfal

doi:10.30476/whb.2020.84328.1027

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

https://doi.org/10.30476/whb.2020.84328.1027

Abstract

Background: In pregnant women, primary infection with rubella and herpes virus may lead to serious complications, including abortion, stillbirth, and severe birth defect. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of rubella and herpes IgG and IgM antibodies in pregnant women.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zakho city, Kurdistan, Iraq. A total of 200 women aged 18-45 years with a history of miscarriage and stillbirth were recruited. Samples were collected from Private Clinical Health Centre at Zakho City between January 2015 and December 2018. All samples were then tested by Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) (VIDAS instrument) for detection of rubella and herpes specific IgG and IgM classes of antibodies.

Results: Of the total study participants, 166 (83%) were seropositive for anti-rubella IgG antibodies while nine (4.5%) were positive for anti-rubella IgM antibodies. In addition, seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies to Herpes simplex virus was observed in 154 (77%) and 10 (5%) subjects, respectively. As far as age is concerned, the highest seropositivity of specific IgG and IgM antibodies to Rubella and Herpes was found in participants younger than 30 years, but statistically not significant differences were found.

Conclusion: This study provided pilot data on Rubella and Herpes virus infections among women in Zakho city, Kurdistan, Iraq. Data from the present study showed a high anti-Rubella and Herpes IgG and a low IgM positivity in the recruited subjects. Screening women with miscarriage or stillbirth might be conducive to specifying the causes of abortion or stillbirth.

Keywords

References

1. Das S, Ramachandran VG, Arora R. Cytomegalovirus and rubella infection in children and pregnant mothers--a hospital based study. J Commun Dis. 2007;39(2):113-7. [PubMed: 18338691]. ## 2. Li Z, Yan C, Liu P, Yan R, Feng Z. Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH among women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;403(1-2):212-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.03.027. [PubMed: 19302994]. ## 3. Best JM, Castillo-Solorzano C, Spika JS, Icenogle J, Glasser JW, Gay NJ, et al. Reducing the global burden of congenital rubella syndrome: report of the World Health Organization Steering Committee On Research Related To Measles and Rubella Vaccines and Vaccination, June 2004. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(11):1890-7. doi: 10.1086/497607. [PubMed: 16267759]. ## 4. Strebel PM, Gacic-Dobo M, Reef S. Global use of rubella vaccines, 1980-2009. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:S579-84. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir447. [PubMed: 21954250]. ## 5. Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(1):1-13. doi: 10.1128/cmr.17.1.1-13.2004. [PubMed: 14726453]. [PubMed Central: PMC321459]. ## 6. Kimberlin DW1, Whitley RJ. Neonatal herpes: what have we learned. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16(1):7-16. doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.09.006. [PubMed: 15685144]. ## 7. Brown ZA, Wald A, Morrow RA, Selke S, Zeh J, Corey L. Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant. JAMA. 2003;289(2):203-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.2.203. [PubMed: 12517231]. ## 8. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P. Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: current concepts of prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Part 2: Varicella-zoster virus infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2007;196(2):95-102. doi: 10.1007/s00430-006-0032-z. [PubMed: 17180380]. ## 9. Naqid IA, Yousif SH, Hussein NR. Serological study of IgG and IgM Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma infections in pregnant women in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Women. Health. Bull. 2019;6(4):8-12. ## 10. Silasi M, Cardenas I, Kwon JY, Racicot K, Aldo P, Mor G. Viral infections during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(3):199-213. doi: 10.1111/aji.12355. [PubMed: 25582523]. [PubMed Central: PMC4610031]. ## 11. Shrivastava G, Bhatambare GS, Patel KB. Seroprevalance of toxoplasma, rubella, CMV and HSV infection in pregnant women in central India. Int J Health Syst Disaster Manage. 2014;2(3):166-9. doi: 10.4103/2347-9019.142202. ## 12. Olajide OM, Aminu M, Randawa AJ, Adejo DS. Seroprevalence of rubella-specific IgM and IgG antibodies among pregnant women seen in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:75-83. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S68667. [PubMed: 25610003]. [PubMed Central: PMC4294645]. ## 13. Al-Saeed A, Abdulmalek L, Ismail H. Study of Torch Outcome on Pregnancy and Fetus in Women with Bod in Duhok Province – Kurdistan Region – Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho. 2015;3(2):171-182. ## 14. Hussein N, Balatay AA. The Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma, Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Infections in Women with Abortion in Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Brief Report. Int J Infect. 2019;6(1):1-3. doi: 10.5812/iji.86734. ## 15. Rasti S, Ghasemi FS, Abdoli A, Piroozmand A, Mousavi SG, Fakhrie-Kashan Z. ToRCH “co-infections” are associated with increased risk of abortion in pregnant women. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2016;56(2):73-8. doi: 10.1111/cga.12138. [PubMed: 26499091]. ## 16. Hamdan HZ, Abdelbagi IE, Nasser NM, Adam I. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus and rubella among pregnant women in western Sudan. Virol J. 2011;8:217. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-217. [PubMed: 21569321]. [PubMed Central: PMC3112446]. ## 17. Tamer GS, Dundar D, Caliskan E. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in western region of Turkey. Clin Invest Med. 2009;32(1):E43-7. doi: 10.25011/cim.v32i1.5086. [PubMed: 19178878]. ## 18. Parlak M, Çim N, Nalça Erdin B, Güven A, Bayram Y, Yıldızhan R. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Van. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;12(2):79-82. doi: 10.4274/tjod.35902. [PubMed: 28913048]. [PubMed Central: PMC5558381]. ## 19. Calimeri S, Capua A, La Fauci V, Squeri R, Grillo OC, Lo Giudice D. Prevalence of serum anti-rubella virus antibodies among pregnant women in southern Italy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116(3):211-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.10.029. [PubMed: 22233835]. ## 20. Sathanandan D, Gupta L, Liu B, Rutherford A, Lane J. Factors associated with low immunity to rubella infection on antenatal screening. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;45(5):435-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2005.00467.x. [PubMed: 16171483]. ## 21. Josheghani SB, Moniri R, Taheri FB, Sadat S, Heidarzadeh Z. Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH infection in the first trimester of the pregnancy in Kashan, Iran. IJN. 2015;6(1):8-12. doi: 10.22038/ijn.2015.4149. ## 22. Bukbuk DN, el Nafaty AU, Obed JY. Prevalence of rubella-specific IgG antibody in non-immunized pregnant women in Maiduguri, north eastern Nigeria. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002;10(1-2):21-3. [PubMed: 12096678]. ## 23. Sebastian D, Zuhara KF, Sekaran K. Influence of TORCH infections in first trimester miscarriage in the Malabar region of Kerala. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2008;2(3):56-59. ## 24. Turbadkar D, Mathur M, Rele M. Seroprevalence of torch infection in bad obstetric history. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2003;21(2):108-10. [PubMed: 17642992]. ## 25. Ozdemir R, Er H, Baran N, Vural A, Demirci M. [HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity rates in pregnant women admitted to Izmir Ataturk Research and Training Hospital, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43(4):709-11. [PubMed: 20084927]. Turkish. ## 26. Ziyaeyan M, Japoni A, Roostaee MH, Salehi S, Soleimanjahi H. A serological survey of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and 2 immunity in pregnant women at labor stage in Tehran, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10(1):148-51. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.148.151. [PubMed: 19070003]. ## 27. Vilibic-Cavlek T, Ljubin-Sternak S, Ban M, Kolaric B, Sviben M, Mlinaric-Galinovic G. Seroprevalence of TORCH infections in women of childbearing age in Croatia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(2):280-3. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2010.485233. [PubMed: 20476874]. ## 28. AL – Taie AAD. Serological Study For TORCH Infections In Women With High Delivery Risk Factors In Mosul. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2010;15:193-198. ##

Women’s Health Bulletin

Seroprevalence of Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus in Women with Miscarriage and Stillbirth in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Cross- Sectional Study

References

References

Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 24
January 2020
Pages 18-22

Seroprevalence of Rubella and Herpes Simplex Virus in Women with Miscarriage and Stillbirth in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Cross- Sectional Study

References

References

Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 24January 2020Pages 18-22

Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 24
January 2020
Pages 18-22