Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Sport Sciences, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran

Abstract

Background: Obesity and being overweight elevate triglycerides, blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and LDL levels while decreasing HDL levels. This study aimed to examine the impact of eight weeks of interval training combined with melatonin consumption on novel obesity indicators and the atherogenic index in overweight and obese women.
Methods: This semi-experimental, applied research involved 40 women aged between 30 to 45 years. They were randomly divided into four groups of ten each: intense interval training plus melatonin consumption (Group I), intense interval training plus placebo (Group II), melatonin consumption only (Group III), and a control group. The high-intensity interval training was conducted over eight weeks, with three sessions weekly. The regimen progressed from 5 repetitions in the first and second weeks to 6 in the third and fourth weeks, 7 in the fifth and sixth weeks, and 8 in the final two weeks. Groups I and III consumed 3 mg of melatonin tablets (manufactured by Razak company, Iran) nightly, an hour before bedtime, for the study duration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 at 0.05 significance level.
Results: The combination of eight weeks of interval training and melatonin consumption significantly impacted the visceral adiposity index (VAI), atherogenic plasma index (AIP), TC/HDL-c ratio, and HDL-c levels in overweight and obese women (P=0.001 for each). However, there were no significant effects on the ApoA-1/ApoB ratio, body adiposity index (BAI), or ApoA- 1 and Apo B levels (P=0.089, P=0.053, P=0.696, P=0.156, respectively).
Conclusion: Intensive interval training coupled with melatonin supplementation positively influences obesity management, weight control, and cardiovascular disease risk reduction in overweight and obese women.

Highlights

How to Cite: Feyzi H, Omidi M, Taheri Kalani AH. Effect of Interval Training and Melatonin Consumption on New Obesity Indices and Atherogenic Index in Overweight and Obese Women. Women. Health. Bull. 2023;10(4):266-274. doi: 10.30476/WHB.2023.100113.1247.

Keywords

  1. Menendez A, Wanczyk H, Walker J, Zhou B, Santos M, Finck C. Obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction: from pediatrics to adults. Genes. 2022;13(10):1866. doi: 10.3390/genes13101866. PubMed PMID: 36292751; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9601855. ##
  2. Sood S, Mittal N, Devi S, Singh TG, Devi S. Pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases: key role of biomolecules. Health Sciences Review. 2023;7:100098. doi: 10.1016/j.hsr.2023.100098. ##
  3. Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):131. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7. PubMed PMID: 35459215; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9033871. ##
  4. Vyletelová V, Nováková M, Pašková Ľ. Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's proteome in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, and HDL-targeted therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(10):1278. doi: 10.3390/ph15101278. PubMed PMID: 36297390; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9611871. ##
  5. Gao L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Dong H. Association of apolipoproteins A1 and B with type 2 diabetes and fasting blood glucose: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12902-021-00726-5. PubMed PMID: 33794863; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8017773. ##
  6. Behbodikhah J, Ahmed S, Elyasi A, Kasselman LJ, De Leon J, Glass AD, et al. Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Metabolites. 2021;11(10):690. doi: 10.3390/metabo11100690. PubMed PMID: 34677405; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8540246. ##
  7. Ginsberg HN, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, Borén J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Averna M, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies-a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(47):4791-4806. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab551. PubMed PMID: 34472586; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8670783. ##
  8. Casula M, Colpani O, Xie S, Catapano AL, Baragetti A. HDL in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: in search of a role. Cells. 2021;10(8):1869. doi: 10.3390/cells10081869. PubMed PMID: 34440638; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8394469. ##
  9. Hua R, Li Y, Li W, Wei Z, Yuan Z, Zhou J. Apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio is associated with severity of coronary artery stenosis in CAD patients but not in non-CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Dis Markers. 2021;2021:8959019. doi: 10.1155/2021/8959019. PubMed PMID: 34961824; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8710153. ##
  10. Cho KH. The current status of research on high-density lipoproteins (HDL): a paradigm shift from HDL quantity to HDL quality and HDL functionality. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3967. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073967. PubMed PMID: 35409326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8999423. ##
  11. Ouimet M, Barrett TJ, Fisher EA. HDL and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res. 2019;124(10):1505-1518. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.312617. PubMed PMID: 31071007; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6813799. ##
  12. Kvetnoy I, Ivanov D, Mironova E, Evsyukova I, Nasyrov R, Kvetnaia T, et al. Melatonin as the cornerstone of neuroimmunoendocrinology. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(3):1835. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031835. PubMed PMID: 35163757; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8836571. ##
  13. Laborda-Illanes A, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Boutriq S, Plaza-Andrades I, Peralta-Linero J, Alba E, et al. A new paradigm in the relationship between melatonin and breast cancer: gut microbiota identified as a potential regulatory agent. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(13):3141. doi: 10.3390/cancers13133141. PubMed PMID: 34201776; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8269379. ##
  14. Tarocco A, Caroccia N, Morciano G, Wieckowski MR, Ancora G, Garani G, et al. Melatonin as a master regulator of cell death and inflammation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications for newborn care. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(4):317. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1556-7. PubMed PMID: 30962427; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6453953. ##
  15. Sarkar S, Chattopadhyay A, Bandyopadhyay D. Multiple strategies of melatonin protecting against cardiovascular injury related to inflammation: A comprehensive overview. Melatonin Research. 2021;4(1):1-29. doi: 10.32794/mr11250080. ##
  16. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-91. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146. PubMed PMID: 17695343. ##
  17. Buchan DS, Ollis S, Young JD, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Tong TK, et al. The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. Am J Hum Biol. 2011;23(4):517-26. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21166. Epub 2011 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 21465614. ##
  18. Minich DM, Henning M, Darley C, Fahoum M, Schuler CB, Frame J. Is melatonin the "next vitamin D"?: a review of emerging science, clinical uses, safety, and dietary supplements. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):3934. doi: 10.3390/nu14193934. PubMed PMID: 36235587; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9571539. ##
  19. Muscella A, Stefàno E, Lunetti P, Capobianco L, Marsigliante S. The regulation of fat metabolism during aerobic exercise. Biomolecules. 2020;10(12):1699. doi: 10.3390/biom10121699. PubMed PMID: 33371437. ##
  20. Reilly SM, Hung CW, Ahmadian M, Zhao P, Keinan O, Gomez AV, et al. Catecholamines suppress fatty acid re-esterification and increase oxidation in white adipocytes via STAT3. Nat Metab. 2020;2(7):620-634. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0217-6. PubMed PMID: 32694788; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7384260. ##
  21. Franczyk B, Gluba-Brzózka A, Ciałkowska-Rysz A, Ławiński J, Rysz J. The impact of aerobic exercise on HDL quantity and quality: a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4653. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054653. PubMed PMID: 36902082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10003711. ##
  22. Islam H, Gillen JB. Skeletal muscle mechanisms contributing to improved glycemic control following intense interval exercise and training. Sports Med Health Sci. 2023;5(1):20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.01.002. PubMed PMID: 36994179; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10040385. ##
  23. Scher-Nemirovsky EA, Ruiz-Manco D, Mendivil CO. Impact of exercise on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia. Rev Nutr Clin Metab. 2019;2(2):26-36. doi: 10.35454/rncm.v2n2.004. ##
  24. Wang L, Lavier J, Hua W, Wang Y, Gong L, Wei H, et al. High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training attenuate oxidative damage and promote myokine response in the skeletal muscle of ApoE KO mice on high-fat diet. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(7):992. doi: 10.3390/antiox10070992. PubMed PMID: 34206159; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8300650. ##
  25. Wang Y, Xu D. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):132. doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5. PubMed PMID: 28679436; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5498979. ##
  26. Jomard A, Osto E. High density lipoproteins: metabolism, function, and therapeutic potential. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:39. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00039. PubMed PMID: 32296714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7136892. ##
  27. Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-based effects of high-intensity interval training on exercise capacity and health: a review with historical perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):7201. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137201. PubMed PMID: 34281138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8294064. ##
  28. Yan Y, Li M, Lin J, Ji Y, Wang K, Yan D, et al. Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase contributes to skeletal muscle health through the control of mitochondrial function. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:947387. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.947387. PubMed PMID: 36339617; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9632297. ##
  29. Heiat F, Ghanbarzadeh M, Ranjbar R, Shojaeifard MB. Mitochondrial biogenesis in continuous vs high-intensity interval swimming. Ann Mil Health Sci Res. 2022;20(2):e119122. doi: 10.5812/amh-119122. ##
  30. Sarkar S, Debnath M, Das M, Bandyopadhyay A, Dey SK, Datta G. Effect of high intensity interval training on antioxidant status, inflammatory response and muscle damage indices in endurance team male players. Apunts Sports Medicine. 2021;56(210):100352. doi: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100352. ##
  31. Tong TK, Zhang H, Shi H, Liu Y, Ai J, Nie J, et al. Comparing time efficiency of sprint vs. high-intensity interval training in reducing abdominal visceral fat in obese young women: a randomized, controlled trial. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1048. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01048. PubMed PMID: 30123136; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6085472. ##
  32. Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Zhang X, Zhou S, Liu Y, et al. Comparable effects of high-intensity interval training and prolonged continuous exercise training on abdominal visceral fat reduction in obese young women. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:5071740. doi: 10.1155/2017/5071740. PubMed PMID: 28116314; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5237463. ##
  33. Koziróg M, Poliwczak AR, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Sikora J, Broncel M. Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):261-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2010.00835.x. PubMed PMID: 21138476. ##
  34. Al-Rawaf HA, Gabr SA, Iqbal A, Alghadir AH. Effects of high-intensity interval training on melatonin function and cellular lymphocyte apoptosis in sedentary middle-aged men. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(7):1201. doi: 10.3390/medicina59071201. PubMed PMID: 37512013; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10384261. ##
  35. Yaseen RI, El-Leboudy MH, El-Deeb HM. The relation between ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Egypt Heart J. 2021;73(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s43044-021-00150-z. PubMed PMID: 33725226; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7966664. ##
  36. Durstine JL, Anderson E, Porter RR, Wang X. Physical activity, exercise, and lipids and lipoproteins. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases; 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_16. ##