Wahida A Ibrahim; Shameran Daniel; Nawfal R Hussein; Mahde Saleh Assafi; Ramadan Othman
Abstract
Background: Human Papillomavirus infection is sexually transmitted and associated with several cancers, such as cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, head and neck, anal, and penile carcinoma. Health education plays a pivotal role in building knowledge and positive attitude about health issues.
Objectives: ...
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Background: Human Papillomavirus infection is sexually transmitted and associated with several cancers, such as cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, head and neck, anal, and penile carcinoma. Health education plays a pivotal role in building knowledge and positive attitude about health issues.
Objectives: The current study aimed at assessing the knowledge of final and pre-final students of colleges of medicine and nursing.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed between September 2017 and December 2017. The project was carried out in the College of Nursing and Azadi Teaching Hospital of Duhok, Iraq. An HPV knowledge questionnaire was used covering three HPV-related subjects, including cervical cancer-HPV association, HPV features, and HPV vaccines. All final and pre-final students of the college of medicine and nursing were recruited.
Results: In cervical cancer-HPV association knowledge dimension, which composed of four questions, there were significant differences in knowledge regarding HPV-cancer association (77.6% for medical students versus 51.6% for nursing students, P < 0.001) and cancer prevention (81.9% versus 38.7%, P < 0.001), when the correct answers were stratified according to college. When the answers were stratified according to the study years, significant differences were found in awareness about the detection of HPV in cervical cancer between pre-final and final year students in college of medicine (68.3% for pre-final versus 87.5% for final P = 0.02) and college of nursing (33.3% versus 72.4%, P < 0.001). Then, the researchers tested awareness of HPV features and there were significant differences in the awareness of students between both colleges (P < 0.01 for all questions). A significant difference was found between males and females when they were asked about the genotypes and cervical cancer (67.3% for males versus 78% for females P = 0.043). Finally, this research tested the awareness of students about HPV vaccine. The participants were asked whether HPV vaccine protects against all STD; 81.9% of medical students and 60.5% of nursing students gave correct answers (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The knowledge of students varied according to college, study year, and gender. Attention must be paid to HPV and quick revision is mandated to increase the awareness of students.
Nawfal R Hussein; Hashim A Sharaf; Shaveen Mahdi
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public health issue, worldwide. HCV infection during pregnancy is associated with vertical transmission. Objectives The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of HCV in pregnant women.
Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted in Duhok, ...
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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public health issue, worldwide. HCV infection during pregnancy is associated with vertical transmission. Objectives The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of HCV in pregnant women.
Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted in Duhok, Kurdistan region of Iraq from January 2016 to December 2018. In the study, pregnant women were tested for HCV antibodies (HCV-Ab) positivity. The infection then was confirmed by HCV-real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results: During the study, 37,200 pregnant women were recruited; 15 (0.04%) subjects were positive for HCV-Ab. To confirm the infection, HCV-RT PCR was performed for subjects with positive results and only three cases were confirmed using this method; giving a prevalence of 3/37,200 (0.001%).
Conclusions: HCV prevalence in pregnant women was low in Duhok city. Continuous screening is required to control infection and prevent vertical transmission.
Monire Toosi; Marzieh Akbarzadeh; Farkhondeh Sharif; Najaf Zare
Abstract
Background: Anxiety is among the pregnancy complications affecting maternal mental and physical health and attachment to the fetus and newborn. Relaxation training is an effective, simple and available method to address this dismal condition.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect ...
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Background: Anxiety is among the pregnancy complications affecting maternal mental and physical health and attachment to the fetus and newborn. Relaxation training is an effective, simple and available method to address this dismal condition.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of relaxation training on anxiety and maternal attachment to fetus and neonate in primigravida women.
Materials and Methods: This clinical trial comprised 84 primigravida pregnant woman including 42 experimental and 42 controls from a population of pregnant women referred to Shushtari and Hafez hospitals in the summer of 2010. Before the beginning of the study, anxiety and attachment levels of mothers to the fetus were assessed in both groups. In addition to the routine prenatal cares, the experimental group underwent four weekly 90-minutes of relaxation training for one month. The control group received only standard care during pregnancy. At the end of one month intervention, the anxiety and attachment levels of mothers to the fetus were assessed in both groups. The researcher visited mothers, while breastfeeding, on the first day after delivery, and recorded the mothers-neonates attachment behaviors.
Results: The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, sex and attachment and anxiety levels before the intervention. There were no significant differences in mean score of anxiety (P = 0.618) and attachment (P = 0.897) levels before the intervention in both groups. However, significant differences were observed in the anxiety (P = 0.017) and attachment (P = 0.005) mean scores after the intervention between both groups. Also, the mean score of maternal attachment after the first breastfeeding in the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The results of this study showed that relaxation training reduces anxiety in pregnant women and improves maternal attachment to the newborn.
Zahra Tolou-Ghamari
Abstract
Background: According to previous studies, breast cancer seems to be the most prevalent cancer and a significant reason of cancer-related deaths among women. Age, race, menorah history, characteristics of breast, reproductive patterns, and many other factors could be mentioned as the risk factors for ...
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Background: According to previous studies, breast cancer seems to be the most prevalent cancer and a significant reason of cancer-related deaths among women. Age, race, menorah history, characteristics of breast, reproductive patterns, and many other factors could be mentioned as the risk factors for this disease.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence rates associated with breast cancer.
Methods: Data related to topography code C50 for the period of 2011 to 2015 were obtained from the Isfahan Cancer Registry office, and its prevalence rate was calculated and expressed per 100000 persons.
Results: There were 4413 cases of breast cancer, 10% of which constituted death record data. The minimum and maximum reported ages were 19 and 94 years old, respectively. The mean age of women was 51.2 ± 12.9 years old. Breast cancer period prevalence was 179.8.1 per 100000 cases that indicated an increment in its incidence by 21.4%. Intraductal carcinoma was reported in 68% of the cases.
Conclusions: During our study period, there was a 21.4% increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Isfahan Province. Further attention of healthcare authorities associated to economic and moral supporting of women to face with this situation, routine detection methods', pharmacotherapy and surgical care recommends to be valuable.
soheila Rahmani; Mohsen Mansoobifar; Mohammad Reza Sirifi; Hasan Ashayeri; Hamed Bermas
Abstract
Background: Diabetes can be successfully controlled by metabolic, psychological, social, and interpersonal factors. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of family empowerment therapy based on self-compassion on self-care and glycosylated hemoglobin in female patients with type 2 diabetes ...
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Background: Diabetes can be successfully controlled by metabolic, psychological, social, and interpersonal factors. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of family empowerment therapy based on self-compassion on self-care and glycosylated hemoglobin in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In a randomized controlled clinical trial with control group, pre-test, and post-test, 60 women with type 2 diabetes referred to the endocrinology department of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran province from December 2018 to April 2019 were randomly selected from the 73 patients narrowed down according to the inclusion criteria. Afterwards, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=30) was treated with family empowerment therapy based on self-compassion for eight weekly 90-minute sessions while the control group (n=30) received usual hospital treatments. Data collection instrument was Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities; glycosylated hemoglobin measurements were performed in three phases of baseline, after intervention, and three-month follow-up and analyzed by multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonfroni post-hoc test using the SPSS-21 software. Results: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant differences after the intervention between the experimental and control groups regarding self-care (P0.001=, F=561.086) and glycosylated hemoglobin (P=0.001, F=304.953); furthermore, comparison of the means indicated the effectiveness of the treatment in improving self-care and reducing glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the experimental group compared to the control group. Moreover, the Bonferroni test results showed that in the pretest stage, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of self-care (P=0.447) and glycosylated hemoglobin (P=0.887); however, in the post-test and follow-up stages, the two groups showed were significantly different concerning self-care (P=0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (P=0.001), implying the effectiveness of the intervention and the sustainability of its effects. Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that family empowerment therapy based on self-compassion can be effective in improving self-care and reducing glycosylated hemoglobin in women with type 2 diabetes.
Shervin Assari; Abbas Mardani; Maryam Maleki; Mohsen Bazargan
Abstract
Background: Previous research has documented bidirectional associations between age at childbirth and socioeconomic status (SES) among mothers. Built on the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, this study compares the association between maternal age at childbirth and income between ...
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Background: Previous research has documented bidirectional associations between age at childbirth and socioeconomic status (SES) among mothers. Built on the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, this study compares the association between maternal age at childbirth and income between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites. Methods: We used the data of the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (FFCWS), a longitudinal study from 1998 to 2016 in the United States (US). This study included 2922 women who were non-Hispanic White (n=776) or non-Hispanic Black (n=2146). Maternal age at childbirth was the independent variable, and income was the dependent variable. Educational attainment, marital status, delivery characteristics, car ownership, and welfare dependence were the covariates. For data analysis, linear regressions were applied. Results: Higher maternal age at childbirth was associated with higher income (adjusted b=0.30). We found a significant interaction between maternal age at childbirth and race on income, suggesting that the positive association between mothers’ age at childbirth and income was weaker for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites (b=-1.14, 95% CI=-1.50, -0.77). Conclusion: Postponing childbirth may have a smaller economic return for non-Hispanic Black women, which is in line with Marginalization-related Diminished Returns theory. Diminished returns of postponing reproduction may be a result of social stratification and structural inequalities that separate the lived experience of Blacks and Whites in the United States.
Chidozie Mbada; Julitta Oseghale Ehinomen; Kikelomo Aboyowa Mbada; Olabisi Aderonke Akinwande; Adebanjo Babalola Adeyemi; Okechukwu Ernest Orji; Esther Kikelomo Afolabi; Moses Makinde; Adaobi Okonji
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy-related changes in women’s body shape and size predisposes to negative body image. However, the nexus between pregnancy-related body image and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is still controvertible. This study assessed the relationship between body image and HRQoL ...
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Background: Pregnancy-related changes in women’s body shape and size predisposes to negative body image. However, the nexus between pregnancy-related body image and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is still controvertible. This study assessed the relationship between body image and HRQoL among Nigerian nulligravid, pregnant, and postpartum women.Methods: 385 women volunteered for this cross-sectional study between November 2016 and January 2017 from two selected clinics in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Body image was assessed using the Body Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), respectively. HRQoL was assessed using the SF-12 questionnaire. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics including Chi-square test was used to test the associations between body image and HRQoL in pregnant and postpartum women. Alpha level was set at p <0.05.Results: Body attitude satisfaction and pregnancy-related women status was significantly associated with respect to abdomen (P=0.021) and genitalia (P=0.005). Postpartum women were most satisfied with their abdomen (95.2%). There was significant correlation between BAQ score and health perception (P=0.001), emotional functioning (P=0.001), and mental health (P=0.040) scales of the SF-12. There was significant correlation between BSQ score and bodily pain (P=0.020), health perception (P=0.001),and emotional functioning (P=0.003) scales of the SF-12.Conclusions: Postpartum women had better body attitude and body shape perception than their pregnant and non-pregnant counterparts. Body attitude is related to HRQoL in non-pregnant, pregnant and postpartum women. Body shape perception is only correlated with bodily pain, health perception and emotional functioning scales of the HRQoL.
Avita Rose Johnson; Mitchell Singstock; Cency Baburajan; Suchitra Bajaj; Sulekha Thimmaiah
Abstract
Background: The low breast cancer survivorship in India compared to developed countries has been found to be attributed to late detection. Breast self-examination (BSE) still remains a viable screening option among poor and marginalised communities. We conducted the present study to determine breast ...
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Background: The low breast cancer survivorship in India compared to developed countries has been found to be attributed to late detection. Breast self-examination (BSE) still remains a viable screening option among poor and marginalised communities. We conducted the present study to determine breast cancer awareness and practice of BSE and their determinants among urban underprivileged women.Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study in an urban underprivileged area in Bangalore city in early 2020, among women aged 25 years or more. Our sample size was estimated as 714 subjects. The interview schedule included Breast Cancer Awareness Measure We employed chi-square test for associations and logistic regression analysis for adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Out of the 751 women, 60.3% were not aware of any symptoms and 61.1% were not aware of any risk factors of breast cancer. Only 6% had heard of BSE and 3.4% reported performing BSE in the past year. The practice of BSE was found to be more prevalent among women who were aware of at least one symptom [OR=6.8(2.5-18.2), p <0.001] or one risk factor [OR=12.9(3.9- 43.6), p <0.001] of breast cancer and among those with past attendance at a breast cancer screening camp [OR=31.4(13.3-74.1),p <0.001].Conclusion: Poor awareness concerning breast cancer and woefully inadequate practice of BSE among urban underprivileged women highlights the requirement for targeted interventions in such communities. The importance of awareness of breast cancer as a precursor to practice BSE was evident in our study, which emphasizes the need for increased access to quality and credible health information. This study emphasizes the importance of community-based programming, like breast cancer screening camps, in order to improve practice of BSE.
Christina Pavlov; Christine Limbers
Abstract
Background: The pandemic of Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) has exposed working mothers to a disproportionate amount of stress. The present study aimed to examine the coping strategies associated with depression in this group during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Methods: ...
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Background: The pandemic of Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) has exposed working mothers to a disproportionate amount of stress. The present study aimed to examine the coping strategies associated with depression in this group during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Methods: The cross-sectional sample consisted of 192 working mothers from the United States (76% married, 70.3% white, mean age=33.4 years). The participants were recruited through a Qualtrics panel in April 2020 and completed the questionnaires of the Brief-COPE and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) online. The results from t-tests, ANOVAs, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical linear regression analyses were examined. Results: The coping styles of self-distraction (r=0.17, P=0.02), denial (r=0.32, p <0.001), substance abuse (r=0.39, p <0.001), instrumental support (r=0.22, P=0.002), behavioral disengagement (r=0.464, p <0.001), venting (r=0.44, p <0.001), planning (r=0.22, P=002), humor (r=0.26, p <0.001), and self-blame (r=0.57, p <0.001) were found to be significantly correlated with depression. The hierarchical linear regression revealed the followings: venting (B=0.561 and P=0.033) and self-blame (B=1.212 and p <0.001). Conclusion: These results, coupled with the elevated prevalence of depression in the sample, highlighted the importance of considering coping strategies when evaluating the depression-related risk factors in working mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Iman Nazari; Behnam Makvandi; Naser Saraj Khorrami; Alireza Heidari
Abstract
Background: Considered as a major health concern worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of gestalt group therapy and reality therapy on perceived self-efficacy in women with BC.Methods: This quasi-experimental research ...
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Background: Considered as a major health concern worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of gestalt group therapy and reality therapy on perceived self-efficacy in women with BC.Methods: This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest and posttest with a control group and follow-up period. The statistical population included all the women with BC visiting the subspecialty clinic of cancer in Yasuj, Iran, in 2021. We selected 60 patients via convenience sampling method. Afterwards, using a random number table, we placed them in two experimental groups and a control group (n=20 women in each group). The first experimental group received gestalt therapy (10 sessions of 60 minutes; once a week) while the second experimental group received reality therapy (based on choice theory) (10 sessions of 60 minutes; once a week). The control group was placed on the waiting list. We used the general self-efficacy scale for data collection. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 25.Results: Mean and standard deviation of the perceived self-efficacy for gestalt therapy, reality therapy, and control groups in the posttest were 52.06±8.83, 55.93±8.66, and 39.33±7.56, respectively. The results indicated that the gestalt group therapy and the reality therapy affected the perceived self-efficacy of women with BC (P<0.001). Moreover, the findings depicted no significant differences between the gestalt group therapy and the reality theory. The effects persisted in the follow-up (P<0.001).Conclusions: According to the results, the gestalt group therapy and the reality therapy could improve the psychological capacity and adaptability of women with BC in different personal and social aspects. Hence, psychotherapists are advised to employ gestalt group therapy and reality therapy in counseling centers in order to enhance perceived self-efficacy in women with BC.
Kamelia Abdi; Fatemeh Beigom Hosseini; Zahra Chaharbaghi; Saeed Ghorbani
Abstract
Background: Living with a better quality is considered as the main challenge for the elderly in new century. Therefore, examining the wellbeing and quality of life of the elderly has become a necessity. The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model that examines the associations between social ...
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Background: Living with a better quality is considered as the main challenge for the elderly in new century. Therefore, examining the wellbeing and quality of life of the elderly has become a necessity. The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model that examines the associations between social support with wellbeing and health-related quality of life in elderly women while considering physical activity as a mediator.Methods: The present study used a structural equation modelling approach. Participants were 384 elderlies (mean age of 62.22±10.55 years) from Golestan province, Iran in 2020. They were over 60 years old without any physical or mental disabilities. The participants fulfilled standard questionnaires (Perceived Social Support Scale, Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity, and Adult Well-Being Assessment). Spearman correlation test and structural equation modelling using Lisrel were employed to analyze data.Results: Findings showed that perceived social support directly affected physical activity (β=0.409, T=6.631), wellbeing (β=0.429, T=7.701), and health-related quality of life (β=0.473, T=7.927). Moreover, physical activity directly affected wellbeing (β=0.231, T=3.217) and health-related quality of life (β=0.627, T=10.649). Finally, physical activity acted as a significant mediator in the associations between perceived social support with wellbeing (Z=5.449, p <0.001) and health-related quality of life (Z=5.930, p <0.001).Conclusion: Social support and physical activity are critical concerns for elderly women. Appropriately, it is essential to embrace fitting procedures to increase social support and an active lifestyle among this population.
Mehdi Yousefnia Pasha; Shohreh Ghorbanshiroudi; Alireza Homayouni
Abstract
Background: One of the most important issues in family psychology that has become more important with social change is marital adjustment. The present study was conducted to predict marital adjustment based on dysfunctional beliefs and self-sacrifice motivations. Methods: This study was a correlational ...
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Background: One of the most important issues in family psychology that has become more important with social change is marital adjustment. The present study was conducted to predict marital adjustment based on dysfunctional beliefs and self-sacrifice motivations. Methods: This study was a correlational study and was conducted in 2020. The statistical population of the study included married women in Babolsar city. In the present study, 305 people were selected using the available sampling method and responded to the tools. The scales of marital adjustment, self-sacrifice motivations and dysfunctional beliefs were used to collect data. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and the multiple regression method was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results showed that the variable of dysfunctional beliefs is a negative and significant predictor of marital adjustment (β=-0.50, P=0.001). The approach motive of sacrifice was a positive and significant predictor of marital adjustment (β=0.26, P=0.001). However, the avoidance motive of sacrifice variable was not able to predict the marital adjustment (β=0.14, P=0.178). In addition, the results showed that 31% of the variance of the dependent variable is predicted by independent variables. Conclusion: The results showed that dysfunctional beliefs and approach motive of sacrifice play a role in marital adjustment. Therefore, implementing intervention programs to strengthen the approach motive of sacrifice and reduce dysfunctional beliefs can help improve marital adjustment.
Nahide Naderi Moghaddam; Amir Panah Ali; Ali Naghi Aghdasi; Masoud Hejazi
Abstract
Background: The study focuses on the increasing rates of divorce and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to reduce marital conflict and emotional divorce. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in reducing marital conflict and emotional ...
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Background: The study focuses on the increasing rates of divorce and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to reduce marital conflict and emotional divorce. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in reducing marital conflict and emotional divorce among women who are facing divorce and seeking services at Zanjan family counseling centers, Zanjan, Iran.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the second half of 2021. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 20 participants from Zanjan family counseling centers, who were randomly allocated into two groups. The treatment group received ten sessions of 60 minutes twice a week (5 weeks) of acceptance and commitment therapy. The Marital Conflict Questionnaire and Emotional Divorce Scale were used as research tools to measure pretest and posttest scores. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS version 24 to compare the mean scores for marital conflict and emotional divorce between the treatment and control groups.Results: The findings of the study revealed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in reducing both marital conflict and emotional divorce scores in the treatment group compared to the control group. The mean score for marital conflict decreased significantly from 172.50±18.23 to 147.25±15.68 in the treatment group (P<0.001), while the control group showed no significant changes. The mean score for emotional divorce also decreased significantly from 2.35±16 to 1.93±12 in the treatment group (P<0.001), while the control group again showed no significant changes.Conclusion: This research demonstrated that acceptance and commitment therapy is an effective psychotherapy for reducing marital conflict and emotional divorce in women at risk of divorce who referred to family counseling centers. The findings of this study have practical implications for counseling settings.
Gooya Safinia; Hossein Ebrahimi Moghadam; Khadijeh Abolmaali
Abstract
Background: The recent problems of couples necessitate the greater focus of research in this field on relationships between couples. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of transactional analysis training on communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women in Tehran, Iran. ...
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Background: The recent problems of couples necessitate the greater focus of research in this field on relationships between couples. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of transactional analysis training on communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental. The research population included all incompatible women who were referred to the psychological clinics of district 1 of Tehran, Iran in 2020. Thirty women were selected as the sample using convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 in each group). The experimental group underwent eight sessions (60-minutes sessions per week) of transactional analysis training. The follow-up was performed after 60 days. The research instruments included the Communication Skills Questionnaire, the Relationship Attribution Measure, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Data analysis was conducted using repeatedmeasures ANOVA by SPSS software version 24.0. Results: The mean± SD of the post-test scores of communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women was (115.93±8.40) and (85.33±13.40) in the experimental group and (87.93±8.53) and (113.23±12.53) in the control group. The results showed that transactional analysis training effectively and persistently improves communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women (p <0.001). Conclusion: Transactional analysis training can be recommended as an intervention to improve the quality of life of families with computability problems.
Elham Raeisi; Sahar Safarzadeh; Saeed Bakhtiarpour; Alireza Heidari
Abstract
Background: Stress and mental pressure in challenging situations, particularly those involving deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, can profoundly impact mothers. This research investigated the mediating role of maternal chronic fatigue (CF) in the relationship between reactive aggression in DHH children ...
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Background: Stress and mental pressure in challenging situations, particularly those involving deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, can profoundly impact mothers. This research investigated the mediating role of maternal chronic fatigue (CF) in the relationship between reactive aggression in DHH children and maternal self-handicapping.Methods: This study employed a descriptive correlational research design. The statistical population of this research included all mothers and their DHH elementary school children studying at special education centers in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran, during the academic year 2022–2023. The convenience sampling method was used to select a sample of 202 mothers with DHH children. Data collection involved the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Scale, Self-Handicapping Questionnaire, and Chalder Fatigue Scale. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling with AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 27.Results: The mean and standard deviation of DHH children’s reactive aggression, maternal self-handicapping, and chronic fatigue were 20.37±4.84, 54.55±11.16, and 21.47±6.12, respectively. The results revealed a significant correlation between selfhandicapping and CF in mothers and between CF in mothers and reactive aggression in children (P=0.001). Reactive aggression in DHH children was significantly correlated with their mothers’ self-handicapping, mediated by maternal CF (P=0.010). The analysis did not yield statistically significant evidence supporting the correlation between maternal self-handicapping tendencies and their children’s reactive aggression. Based on the results, the model’s fit indices, including NFI, CFI, TLI, RFI, and RMSEA, were 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, 0.97, and 0.022, respectively.Conclusion: Consequently, the final modified model exhibited a good fit based on the research findings. Analyzing these correlations presents an opportunity to discern the factors contributing to reactive aggression in DHH children, thereby facilitating the development of appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Salimeh Nezamivand Chegini; Parvin Abedi; Masoumeh Yaralizadeh; Saeed Ghanbari
Abstract
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent issues in women’s health care, which affects half of the population in the reproductive age. The present research aimed to evaluate the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its associated characteristics among the university students ...
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Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent issues in women’s health care, which affects half of the population in the reproductive age. The present research aimed to evaluate the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its associated characteristics among the university students in Ahvaz, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 80 college students suffering from dysmenorrhea were randomly recruited. All the required data were gathered via demographic questionnaire, Visual Analoge Sclae (VAS), Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart (PBAC), and Symptom Severity Score (SSS) during two consecutive menstrual cycles from Aprill 20 to June 20, 2016. Furthermore, descriptive statistics (frequency and mean) and analytical statistics (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) were used. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: The mean±SD of menstrual pain of the participants was 6.6±1.5 out of 10. Most of them (61.2%) suffered from moderate dysmenorrhea. Mean±SD of their age was 21.1±2.0 years and their age at menarche was 12.9±1.2 years. A significant number of the participants (85%) claimed to use drugs to relieve the menstrual pain, with the most common onebeing Ibuprofen (41.2%), usually taken orally at the onset of menstruation. Moreover, analysis of the results revealed a significant correlation among all the items of Symptom Severity Score (SSS) and pain severity (P<0.001), except sensitivity and depression. However, the duration and amount of menstrual bleeding was not significantly correlated with pain severity.Conclusions: Choosing the right approach to managing and educating women with menstrual pain-associated symptoms can reduce the adverse impact of dysmenorrhea on their quality of life.
Masoumeh Gholaman; Mandana Gholami; Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani; Hossein Abed Natanzi
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 and pentraxin-3 are recognized as cardiovascular risk factors, levels of which change in the pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of present research was to investigate the high and moderate intensity aerobic training effects on galectin-3, pentraxin-3, and ...
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Background: Galectin-3 and pentraxin-3 are recognized as cardiovascular risk factors, levels of which change in the pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of present research was to investigate the high and moderate intensity aerobic training effects on galectin-3, pentraxin-3, and some inflammatory mediators levels in type 2 diabetic women. Methods: Our study was a randomized clinical trial, conducted on the 36 type 2 diabetic women with an average age of 46.95±3.49 years old, randomly assigned to three equal groups, including control, continuous training with moderate-intensity (MICT), and high intensity interval training (HIIT) groups. Both MICT and HIIT program performed three sessions per week over a 12-week period. Training intensity in HIIT and MICT group was 90 and 60-70 percent of maximum heart rate, respectively. Blood samples at the baseline and after the 12-week training intervention were collected and the variables levels were measured via ELISA method. Repeated measures ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test were employed for data analysis. The research is documented in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration number: IRCT20200729048252N1). Results: Galectin-3 levels significantly decreased in HIIT and MICT groups (p <0.001). However, no significant differences were observed for Pentraxin-3 levels between different group (P=0.306), yet paired t test indicated that Pentraxin-3 levels significantly decreased in HIIT group (P=0.003). In addition, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly declined in HIIT and MICT groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: HIIT and MICT intervention results in a significant decrease in inflammatory mediators and HIIT protocol was not superior to MICT protocol for observed changes in inflammatory mediators.
Hadis Feyzi; Mahnaz Omidi; Abdolhossein Taheri Kalani
Abstract
Background: Obesity and being overweight elevate triglycerides, blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and LDL levels while decreasing HDL levels. This study aimed to examine the impact of eight weeks of interval training combined with melatonin consumption on novel obesity indicators and the atherogenic ...
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Background: Obesity and being overweight elevate triglycerides, blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and LDL levels while decreasing HDL levels. This study aimed to examine the impact of eight weeks of interval training combined with melatonin consumption on novel obesity indicators and the atherogenic index in overweight and obese women.Methods: This semi-experimental, applied research involved 40 women aged between 30 to 45 years. They were randomly divided into four groups of ten each: intense interval training plus melatonin consumption (Group I), intense interval training plus placebo (Group II), melatonin consumption only (Group III), and a control group. The high-intensity interval training was conducted over eight weeks, with three sessions weekly. The regimen progressed from 5 repetitions in the first and second weeks to 6 in the third and fourth weeks, 7 in the fifth and sixth weeks, and 8 in the final two weeks. Groups I and III consumed 3 mg of melatonin tablets (manufactured by Razak company, Iran) nightly, an hour before bedtime, for the study duration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 at 0.05 significance level.Results: The combination of eight weeks of interval training and melatonin consumption significantly impacted the visceral adiposity index (VAI), atherogenic plasma index (AIP), TC/HDL-c ratio, and HDL-c levels in overweight and obese women (P=0.001 for each). However, there were no significant effects on the ApoA-1/ApoB ratio, body adiposity index (BAI), or ApoA- 1 and Apo B levels (P=0.089, P=0.053, P=0.696, P=0.156, respectively).Conclusion: Intensive interval training coupled with melatonin supplementation positively influences obesity management, weight control, and cardiovascular disease risk reduction in overweight and obese women.
Farideh Zangeneh; Nasrin Abedinia; Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh; Reza Salman Yazdi; Tahereh Madani
Abstract
Background: Ramadan fasting is a religious practice and an exceptional ritual compared to all other religious conventions. The aim of fasting in Ramadan is to establish a proper religious model of self-control and healthy lifestyle.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the biochemical ...
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Background: Ramadan fasting is a religious practice and an exceptional ritual compared to all other religious conventions. The aim of fasting in Ramadan is to establish a proper religious model of self-control and healthy lifestyle.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the biochemical neurohormones between women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with and without fasting.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted during July 2011 at the Infertility Center of Royan Institute, and comprised 40 patients diagnosed with PCOS, aged from 20-40 years without any special disease. The study group included 20 women with PCOS and fasting during Ramadan. The control group consisted of 20 non-fasting women with PCOS. The study on the effects of fasting on patients with polycystic ovary syndrome involved demographic data and biochemical stress hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, beta-endorphin and insulin.
Results: In patients with PCOS, mean of cortisol in subjects with and without fasting were 8.2 ± 4.4 and 11.2 ± 4.7, respectively (P = 0.049). Also the respective median of nor-adrenaline in fasting and non-fasting patients were 1273.5 and 1503.5 (P = 0.047). However, no significant differences were found in adrenalin (P = 0.151), beta-endorphin (P = 0.543) and insulin (P = 0.818) between PCOS two groups.
Conclusions: This study showed that Ramadan fasting is a well known practice to reduce stress hormones in women with PCOS. So, Ramadan, beside its spiritual benefit is a blessing from God for improving human lifestyle.
Raziyeh Maasoumi; Maryam Moridi; Fatemeh Farhadi; Zeinab Moshfeghi
Abstract
Background: Sexual function is one of the most important aspects of life affected by chronic disorders.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate sexual function in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 50 women with rheumatoid arthritis ...
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Background: Sexual function is one of the most important aspects of life affected by chronic disorders.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate sexual function in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 50 women with rheumatoid arthritis as the case group and 50 healthy women as the control group in Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected by demographic and the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaires from June to August, 2013. Statistical analysis that included the chi square test, independent sample t-test, and linear regression were carried out using SPSS software (version 16).
Results: Two groups were matched according to age, educational level, occupation, menarche age, husband’s age, marital age, gravidity and menstrual cycle status (P > 0.05). Total score from the Female Sexual Function Index in the case group (15.9 ± 11.16) was significantly lower than control group (27.29 ± 5.67). Also, in all subscales, the score for sexual function (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) in the case group was lower than the control group (P < 0.001). From patients’ perspective, fatigue, limitation of joint movement, vaginal dryness, and reduction of sexual desire affected their sexual function. Also, linear regression indicated a negative association between duration of disease and sexual dysfunction.
Conclusions: Our findings show that rheumatoid arthritis adversely effects women’s sexual function. Thus, clinicians should pay attention to these patients regardless of symptom severity or treatment response.
Maryam Rabiee; Malihah Nasirie; Nafisah Zafarqandie
Abstract
Background: One of the most common problems of women especially during transient menopause and post menopause is reduction in sexual desire which affects their social and psychological health.
Objectives: The present study attempted to evaluate the impact of some personal and social factors, common ...
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Background: One of the most common problems of women especially during transient menopause and post menopause is reduction in sexual desire which affects their social and psychological health.
Objectives: The present study attempted to evaluate the impact of some personal and social factors, common age-related complaints, and follicular stimulating hormone and estradiol on sexual desire.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 201 females, aged 45-60 years old, without any history of psychological illness, and not receiving any hormone therapy including estrogen-progesterone. They filled three questionnaires; menopausal rating scale (MRS), symptom checklist 90 and their sexual interests and demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square tests and logistic regression (using SPSS 18).
Results: A deceasing sexual desire was observed in 34.7% of the cases. A statistically significant relationship was found between reduced sexual desire and physical complaints and mood changes including anxiety and depression. Women who were widowed or divorced exhibited a significantly higher reduction in sexual desire. There was a significant correlation between sexual satisfaction and sexual desire. However, no significant relationship was observed between sexual desire and hot flashes, dyspareunia and level of estradiol and FSH.
Conclusions: Mental and physical health of women and their sexual satisfaction play a more effective role in predicting sexual desire, regardless of age and hormonal changes during this period.
Azar Shamsi; Azam Baheiraei; Shahnaz Khaghani; Afshin Mohsenifar; Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
Abstract
Background: The number of cigarette smokers in people of all ages and the resulting second hand smokers are increasing worldwide. Smoking at home, work or in public places puts others at risk of exposure to second hand smoke.
Objectives: To study the effects of second-hand smoking on breast milk proteins.
Patients ...
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Background: The number of cigarette smokers in people of all ages and the resulting second hand smokers are increasing worldwide. Smoking at home, work or in public places puts others at risk of exposure to second hand smoke.
Objectives: To study the effects of second-hand smoking on breast milk proteins.
Patients and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 45 mothers exposed to second-hand smoke (cases) and 45 non-exposed post-partum mothers (controls) who attended health care centers. Milk samples were collected twice, (5-7 days and 4 months after delivery). Exposure was assessed through questionnaires which measured total levels of milk protein and albumin, and milk cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine.
Results: Cotinine levels in the breast milk of mothers in the exposed group were significantly higher than non-exposed group at baseline and 4 months after delivery (P = 0.001). Milk protein profiles in the non-exposed group were significantly higher 5-7 days after delivery in the non-exposed group, but the albumin profile was not significantly different at 4 months post-partum (P = 0.004).
Conclusions: Second-hand smoke affects the levels of breast milk proteins that are essential for infant growth.
Sayyede Marzieh Ketabipoor; Maryam Koushkie Jahromi
Abstract
Background: Menopause is associated with increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, and different exercise regimens can variously affect different cardiovascular risk factors.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise in water on serum estrogen, C-reactive ...
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Background: Menopause is associated with increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, and different exercise regimens can variously affect different cardiovascular risk factors.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise in water on serum estrogen, C-reactive protein (CRP) and body mass index (BMI) levels in obese and normal weight postmenopausal women.
Patients and Methods: This quasi-experimental study comprised 29 volunteer non-athletic postmenopausal women with mean age 57.04 ± 4.68 years. The study subjects were divided into two groups of obese (n = 15; BMI = 30.21 ± 3.89) and normal weight (n = 14; BMI = 22.43 ± 2.45) according to their BMI. The subjects of both groups participated in aquatic exercise training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, with progressive intensity of 50 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate for 45 minutes between 10-11 am. The blood samples were taken the day before and two days after the exercise sessions through the left brachial vein. Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis.
Results: In the obese and normal weight groups exercise caused significant increase in estrogen (P=0.001, P = 0.001, respectively) and decreased the BMI (P = 0.009, P = 0.003, respectively); however, CRP decreased significantly when compared to pre exercise in the normal weight group (P = 0.005), No statistically significant change was observed in the obese group (P = 0.084). There was no significant difference in estrogen (P = 0.32), BMI (P = 0.62) and CRP (P = 0.35) changes following exercise between obese and normal weight groups.
Conclusions: In the present study, aquatic aerobic exercise caused similar reduction in some cardiovascular risk factors among obese and normal weight postmenopausal women. However, future studies are recommended for more clarification.
Tahereh Ashraf Ganjooei; Zahra Vahedpoorfard; Mitra Rafiezadeh; Maliheh Arab; Farah Farzaneh; Maryam Sadat Hosseini; Mehdi Yaseri
Abstract
Background: Meticulous examination of frozen section of cone specimens is required to precisely evaluate the resection margin status and rule out invasion in cases with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the role of frozen section ...
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Background: Meticulous examination of frozen section of cone specimens is required to precisely evaluate the resection margin status and rule out invasion in cases with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the role of frozen section examination (FSE) of the cone specimen in the evaluation of the resection margin status and to rule out invasion in patients with high-grade CIN.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 38 patients with high-grade CIN undergoing conization biopsy at Imam Hossein hospital in Tehran from April 2012 through May 2013. Then, FS examination was performed for all patients and the results obtained were compared with those of permanent paraffin sections.
Results: Thirty-three (86.8%) out of 38 patients had the same results in frozen and permanent sections of cone biopsy margin specimens (P = 1). Two out of 33 (6.1%) patients had frozen and permanent positive margins and 31 (93.9%) patients had negative frozen and permanent margins. Among the other 5 patients (13.2%), 2 had positive frozen margins and negative permanent margins and 3 patients had negative frozen margins and positive permanent margins. Diagnostic accuracies in cone margin and lesion grading were 63.1% and 44.7%, respectively.
Conclusions: In conclusion, in high-grade CIN, FS examination was a rapid, reliable and cost-effective means of evaluating cervical conization specimens.
Raha Afshariani; Leila Malekmakan; Maryam Yazdankhah; Arghavan Daneshian; Mehrab Sayadi
Abstract
Background: Menarche is a woman’s first menstruation and is determined by multiple factors.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on the age of menarche in girls at guidance schools of Shiraz, Iran.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study attempted ...
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Background: Menarche is a woman’s first menstruation and is determined by multiple factors.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on the age of menarche in girls at guidance schools of Shiraz, Iran.
Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study attempted to evaluate the effect of regular exercise on the age of menarche in relation to demographic data in 483 randomly selected girls from guidance school in Shiraz, Iran, using statistical analysis including independent t-test, variance analysis and linear regression tests.
Results: Participants were divided in two groups including 181 and 302 athletic and non-athletic girls, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in the mean age at menarche between athletic 12.4 ± 0.9 SD and non-athletic girls 12.1 ± 1.0 SD years (P = 0.003). Linear regression indicated that mother’s age (P = 0.049) and exercise (P = 0.001) both have significant association with age at menarche.
Conclusions: The age at menarche for the athletic group was significantly delayed. Exercise and mother’s age were significantly associated with age at menarche, whereas no significant association was observed between age at menarche and weight, BMI, father’s age, and mother’s and father’s educational levels.
